NATIONAL
POPULATION AND FAMILY PLANNING BOARD (BKKBN)
CENTER
FOR INTERNATIONAL TRAINING AND COLLABORATION
INDONESIA
POPULATION DATA & INFORMATION
The influence of Socio-economic and Demographic Factors on Knowledge, Attitude and Behaviour Related to HIV/AIDS in Indonesia
An Analysis of Three Provinces: Papua, Bali & DKI Jakarta
This paper is written by Sri Wnarti, M.Ap.Pop.St
as the result of her master coursework for the Master Degree Program in the area of Applied Population Studies at Flinders
University, Adelaide. The study aimed to identify the influence of several socio-economic and demographic factors on the Knowledge,
Attitudes, and Behavior (KAB) regarding Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) of ever married
women in Papua, Bali and DKI Jakarta, the three provinces in Indonesia with the highest prevalence rates of the virus. Two
variables were identified as having a significant correlation in the multivariate analysis, namely, access to condoms and access
to information regarding HIV/AIDS, while access to condoms was the only variable identified as having a strong correlation with
behaviour in those three provinces. The overall findings of this research indicated that HIV/AIDS knowledge alone did not
determine sexual behavior; other factors worked to make women who were knowledgeable about the risks of HIV infection behave
contrary to their knowledge. One of the possible explanations could be that several external factors, such as culture, tourism,
and migration, influenced KAB concerning HIV/AIDS in those three provinces which had a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS. The study
also found the predictor variables considered in this analysis had no correlation with attitude. However this study suggests
that there are some external factors which could not be considered in this research because of lack of relevant information in
the IDHS survey, may have strong influences in overall KAB.
Factors that Influence Male Participation in Family Planning and Reproductive Health in Indonesia
This paper is written by Vita Yulia Dewi
M.Ap.Pop.St as the result of her master coursework for the Master Degree Program in the area of Applied Population Studies
at Flinders University, Adelaide. The analysis carried out in this study has identified three predisposing factors that are
strongly and significantly related with male participation in family planning and reproductive health: parity (the number of
children ever born), women's highest educational attainment and men's highest educational attainment. From enabling factors,
women's discussion of family planning with their family and friends, women's knowledge of places to obtain condoms, men's knowledge
of places to get contraceptives in general, women's knowledge of STDs and men's knowledge of STDs apply the strongest influences
on male participation in family planning and reproductive health. Finally, only one factor from reinforcing factors, namely visits
by family planning field workers is strongly and significantly related with male participation in family planning and reproductive
health in Indonesia.
This paper is written by Rosintha Doris Berlian,
M.Ap.Pop.St as the result of her master coursework for the Master Degree Program in the area of Applied Population Studies at Flinders University,
Adelaide.The study aimed to gaining a better understanding of the current status with respect to exclusive breastfeeding practices in the rural
and urban areas of Indonesia based on the background social, economic, demographic and health characteristics of women comprising the survey sample
as well as examining the reasons why the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding has declined in the last 10 years (1997-2007) and what factors
influence most the practice of exclusive breastfeeding in the country. Based on the results of bivariate analysis, the six variables exhibiting
statistically significant and moderately association with exclusive breast feeding were included in the multivariate analysis namely mother's
education, father's education, mother's occupation, household wealth index, total number of children ever born and place of delivery. Of these
six variables, three were excluded from the multivariate analysis because they were highly correlated with one of the independent variables, namely
mother's education. From the multivariate analysis, it is found that mothers with lower education tended to have a greater likelihood to breastfeed
exclusively compared to mothers with no education or mothers with higher education. Another socio-economic variable included in multivariate
analysis is mother's occupation. Compared to mothers working as industrial workers, mothers working as professionals or non-working mothers were
less likely and mothers in agriculture were more likely to breast feed exclusively. Lastly, compared to younger mothers, older mothers were found
to be more likely to exclusively breastfeed their babies, and mothers with two children or three and more children tended to be more likely to
breastfeed exclusivey compared to mothers with one child.
Factors Influencing The Current Use Of Modern Contraception Methods In Lampung Province 2007
This paper is written by Dini Nur Afni,
M.Ap.Pop.St as the result of her master coursework for the Master Degree Program in the area of Applied Population Studies
at Flinders University, Adelaide. In order to examine the effects of demographic, socio-economic and family planning factors
on modern contraceptive use in Lampung province, this study used a modified framework from Bongaarts (1978) and Islam et al.
(1998). The findings of the Chi-Square Test have confirmed that the number of living children, women's age, marital duration,
women's educational attainment, women's occupation, wealth index, place of residence, being decision makers in contraception
choices, and being informed of those choices all have a strong correlation with the current use of modern contraception. In
addition, the findings of the multinomial logistic regression have confirmed that women aged between 15 to 24 years, women who
work in the agricultural sector, and those who were informed about choices were likely to use short-term methods.
This paper is written by Paula Deby Ariesta Rambing
M.Ap.Pop.St as the result of her master coursework for the Master Degree Program in the area of Applied Population Studies at Flinders
University, Adelaide. The study examines several demographic, socioeconomic, and programmatic characteristics or factors that influence
the current contraceptive use among the poor (lowest level of economic condition as expressed through wealth index) in four provinces
of Indonesia, Bangka Belitung, Papua, West Papua, and Maluku. It uses secondary data obtained from the 2007 Indonesia Demographic
Health Survey (IDHS). The bivariate and multivariate regression techniques were used to analyse the data. The bivariate analysis
demonstrated that the number of living children; women's desire for more children; their husbands' desire for more children; exposure
to mass media; husbands' occupation; husbands' education; women's education,; knowledge about methods of contraception; husband
approval for family planning; and access to health facilities demographic, socioeconomic, and programmatic factors which have
influenced the use of contraceptive among women with low income. The results of the multivariate regression showed that four variables
had an effect on low income women's current use of contraceptive methods. These variables included: the number of living children;
women's desire for more children; husbands' occupation; exposure to mass media (television); and husbands' approval.
Return of Fertility After Discontinuing Reversible Contraceptive Methods in Indonesia 2007
This paper is written by Maria Gayatri,
M.Ap.Pop.St as the result of her master coursework for the Master Degree Program in the area of Applied Population
Studies at Flinders University, Adelaide. This study aims to asses the return of fertility after discontinuation of
their respective reversible contraceptive. The study identified there is a delay in conception or pregnancy following
discontinuation of a reversible contraceptive, but there is no permanent infertility among women after discontinuation
of reversible contraceptives. The median delay to conception is 4 months for discontinuers of oral contraceptive users,
5 months for discontinuers of IUD users, 6 months discontinuers of implant users and 9 months for discontinuers of
injectable users. Yet, socio-economic factors such as women's occupation, type of residence and wealth index of
households have no association with return of fertility after discontinuation of reversible contraceptives. On the
other hand, demographic factors such as women's age at discontinuation and their parity at discontinuation
significantly influenced the length time to become pregnant after discontinuation of reversible contraceptive methods.
This paper is written by Ristya Ira Murti,
M.Ap.Pop.St as the result of her master coursework for the Master Degree Program in the area of Applied Population
Studies at Flinders University, Adelaide. The study is aimed to examine the factors influencing the use of long-term
contraceptive use in Indonesia 2007. The results of this study show that the type of place of residence (rural or urban),
women's age, household wealth index, knowledge of any method of contraception, women's educational attainment, women's
current work status, ideal number of children, and the total number of children ever born and living are the factors
which are significantly associated with the use of long-term contraceptives. The data show that although most women
and couples have knowledge of contraceptives, current use of long-term contraceptives is low. The low use of long-term
contraceptives is much more prevalent in the rural and remote areas where more adequate information and promotion of
contraceptive knowledge and use should be provided.
Postpartum Contraceptive Use In Indonesia: Recent Patterns And Determinants
This paper is written by Lina Widyastuti,
M.Ap.Pop.St as the result of her master coursework for the Master Degree Program in the area of Applied Population Studies
at Flinders University, Adelaide. This study aims to investigate the pattern and the determinants of contraceptive use
of women in the 12 months after delivery. The descriptive analysis found that overall, 75.4 % of women used contraception
after childbirth. Among those who used contraception, 73% of mothers used hormonal methods, 21.4% used non-hormonal
methods, and only 5.7% used traditional methods. The multiple logistic regression analyses found that younger women
who had a good education, were wealthy, and had been exposed to the media more often, were more likely to use postpartum
contraception. Regarding postpartum behavior, it was also found that woman who abstained or were amenorrheic were less
likely to use postpartum contraception, while woman who were breastfeeding were more likely to use it. Meanwhile, the
multiple linear regressions confirmed that the period of time before starting contraception for women in the younger age
group was shorter than was the period for the older age group. For women who delivered their babies in government facilities,
the period of time before starting the use of contraceptives was shorter than the period was for those who delivered
in private facilities. The time period from birth to postpartum contraceptive use was shorter for wealthier women as
compared to poor women. The period of time from birth to postpartum contraception use for women with no education was
longer than for those who had a secondary level of education. Women who lived in rural areas and those who abstained
or were amenorrheic, waited a longer period of time before starting contraception.
This paper is written by Dini Desriani,
M.Ap.Pop.St as the result of her master coursework for the Master Degree Program in the area of Applied Population Studies
at Flinders University, Adelaide. The study examines the factors influencing teenage motherhood in Indonesia utilizing the
nationally representative 2007 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey data set. To investigate the occurrence of early
motherhood during teenage years, the study then deals with married teenagers, or those who have been married, and adult women.
The findings indicate that almost 50 % of the married teenagers have already experienced motherhood and have at least one child
currently. As well as that, almost 60 % of the married adult women started childbearing for the first time in their teenage
years (below 20 years old). The results of the multivariate logistic regression analyses suggest that women's current age,
their age at first marriage, contraceptive use, ideal number of children, women's working status, and mass media exposure
are important determinants of early motherhood among teenagers in Indonesia presently.
Factors Affecting The Reasons For Discontinuation Among Modern Contraceptive Users In Indonesia
This paper is written by Desy Nuri
Fajarningtiyas, M.Ap.Pop.St as the result of her master coursework for the Master Degree Program in the area of Applied
Population Studies at Flinders University, Adelaide. This study aims to identify the demographic, socioeconomic, quality
of services, availability factors and community level effect affecting reasons for discontinuation among currently married
women aged 15-49 who ever used these following modern contraceptives: Pill, IUD, Injection, Condom and Implant.The
interesting finding revealed from this study is that variables of cost, visiting health facilities and husband?s
education show contradiction related to reasons for discontinuation and contraceptive methods. Cost in obtaining method
positively influences discontinuation resulting from medical reasons among injection users, in which the possibility of
discontinuation is lower among women who got the method free. On the other hand, it negatively affects discontinuation
due to personal reasons for IUD and injection users. Visiting health facilities has positive impact on reducing
discontinuation owing to personal reasons among pill and implant users, and desire for pregnancy among condom users.
However, it indicates a negative effect in respect with contraceptive failure among pill users. Furthermore, increasing
level of husbands? education has positive influence on reducing discontinuation because of personal reasons for injection
users. Nonetheless, it contributes to increase the probability of discontinuation due to medical reasons among
injection users.
This paper is written by Yulaecha Padma
Ichwanny M.Ap.Pop.St as the result of her master coursework for the Master Degree Program in the area of Applied
Population Studies at Flinders University, Adelaide. The study aims to examine the influence of sex education, the role
of significant persons, and various socio-demographic variables on adolescent sexual behaviour in Indonesia. The
conceptual framework of the present study is provided by the Reasoned Action Theory proposed by Ajzen and Fishbein
(1980). The results of bivariate and multivariate statistical analyses reveal that pressure from significant persons
was the most important contributor to adolescent sexual behaviour. This study also found that male and older adolescents
were more likely to undertake sexual behaviour compared to female and younger adolescents. Sex education was the least
important contributor to adolescent sexual behaviour. The findings of the study provide important policy recommendations.
Factors Influencing Complications During Delivery In Indonesia 2007
This paper is written by
Nia Reviani, M.Ap.Pop.St as the result of her master coursework for the Master Degree Program in the area of
Applied Population Studies at Flinders University, Adelaide. The study is aimed to find the main factors
related to complications during delivery in Indonesia. Of the eight types of delivery complications, only
breaking of water and excessive vaginal bleeding showed strong associations with selected independent
variables (education, age, access to health services for delivery, antenatal care and place of residence),
while the other complications (fever, prolonged labour, swollen limbs, fainting, breathlessness and
tiredness) have shown weak associations with the independent variables. Breaking of water has a positive
association with education, access to health service for delivery, and antenatal care, but has negative
association with age, parity, and place of residences. Excessive vaginal bleeding is positively associated
with education, age, access to health service, and antenatal care, but negatively associated with parity
and place of residences. Multivariate-linear regression revealed that breaking of water or excessive vaginal
bleeding increased with increasing level of education, increasing qualification of health services,
increasing frequency of antenatal care attendance. The risk of these complications was higher when the
respondent lived in urban area compared with those who lived in rural area. Education, as a distant
determinant, has a stronger influence on breaking of water or excessive vaginal bleeding than the
intermediate determinants (access to health services for delivery, antenatal care, and place of residence).
Factors Influencing Age At Marriage And Ideal Number Of Children Among The Youth And Adolescents Of In Indonesia :
Evidence From The Indonesia Youth And Adult Reproductive Health Survey 2007
This paper is written by Lalu Kekah Budi
Prasetya, M.Ap.Pop.St as the result of her master coursework for the Master Degree Program in the area of Applied
Population Studies at Flinders University, Adelaide. The study is aimed to investigate the relationship of selected
socio demographic characteristics namely current age of respondents, level of education, type of place of residence
and religion of the youth and adolescents on desired and opined ages at marriage and ideal number of children.
The outcome of the bivariate analysed have exposed that the youth and adolescents (aged 15-24) believe the best
age of marriage for a man should be in the range 25-29 years while for a woman the best age of marriage should be
five years younger, i.e., 20-24 years. This undeniably indicate that the youth and adolescent basically accept as
true that age of marriage either for man and woman should be at their older age (>20 years old). For the ideal
number of children, the result also shows that Indonesian Youth and Adolescents in 2007 deem that having smaller
number of children (0-2 children) is the better choice. The multivariate analysis has revealed that only two
variables, namely religion and to some extent place of residence (rural-urban) significantly and strongly affect
desired age at marriage and ideal number of children.
Demand For Family Planning In South Sulawesi, Indonesia 2007
This paper is written
by Asep Sulaimani, M.Ap.Pop.St as the result of her master coursework for the Master Degree Program
in the area of Applied Population Studies at Flinders University, Adelaide. The study is aimed to
gain better understanding of the demand for family planning in South Sulawesi Province. Based on
the study, it revealed that the demand for family planning was found to be directly associated with
women's age, number of living children, desire for future children ,women's education, distance to
health facility, transportation to health facility and husband's approval of family planning.
Certainly, Women's age, desire for future children and husband's approval were the variables which
had the strongest relationship with demand for family planning. To summarize, South Sulawesi has
a high level of unmet need for family planning and a relatively low level of met need which
exposed that the total demand for family planning, consisting of unmet need and met need is
relatively low. Therefore, in order to reduce the fertility of the province, the total demand
for family planning and its fulfillments should be increased.
The Anomaly Of Low Infant Mortality And High Fertility In Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam: An analysis of
the 2007 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey Data
This paper is written by dr.
Afrida, M.Ap.Pop.St as the result of her master coursework for the Master Degree Program in the area of
Applied Population Studies at Flinders University, Adelaide. The study is aimed to address the question
of the anomaly of low and declining infant mortality rate and the continuing fertility at above
replacement levels. The findings of this research have revealed that marriage, which is represented by
percent in marital union in the ProxDemo software, has the largest effect in determining total
fertility rate in Aceh at both 1997 and 2007. This is followed by contraceptive use and breastfeeding
which have weaker effects on fertility in Aceh. The bivariate and multivariate analyses, on the other
hand, have shown that education is the most significant factor for determining both fertility and child
mortality levels in Aceh. The bivariate analysis has also revealed that marriage, in this case
represented by age at first marriage has a significant influence on mothers' experience of child death.
Further, women's education has been found to significantly affect at age first marriage. Sex preference
of future children is significantly related with the use contraception. Finally, women living in urban
areas were more likely to shorten breastfeeding, which is more likely to increase fertility.
Indonesian
Country Statement at 44th Session of the Commission on Population and Development, New
York, 11-15 April 2011
Agenda Item
5: General debate on the further implementation of the Programme of Action of the
International Conference on Population and Development in the light of its twentieth
anniversary
Indonesia
Country Report 2011 Fertility Family Planning Development
This country
report share information on fertility dynamic in Indonesia as the impact of the long track
of Family Planning program, its objectives and focuses in the future and how the policy
and program integrating into our national development plan.
Current
and Future Policy and Strategy of Family Planning Program in Indonesia
This paper
delivered by Chairperson of BKKBN, DR. Dr. Sugiri Syarief, MD, MPA at the High Level
Family Planning Consultation Meeting, Bangkok, 8-10 December 2010
This speech
delivered by Chairperson of BKKBN, DR. Dr. Sugiri Syarief, MD, MPA at the Workshop on
Regional Cooperation for Equal Access to Public Services in Urbanization Taichang, China,
28 – 30 September 2010
Promoting
Women Development by Improving Health Service Delivery: The Indonesian Experiences
This paper
delivered by Chairperson of BKKBN, DR. Dr. Sugiri Syarief, MD, MPA on International
Symposium on Population and Development Yinchuan China, 27 – 28 September 2010
This paper
delivered by Chairperson of BKKBN, DR. Dr. Sugiri Syarief, MD, MPA at the International
Seminar for South-South Cooperation on NGO Capacity Building in Population and
Reproductive Health Taicang, China, 25 September 2010
Postpartum
Contraceptive Use in Indonesia: Recent Patterns and Determinants
This paper
delivered by Staff of BKKBN on the 4th International Conference on Reproductive Health and
Social Science Research (ICRH-SSR) on August 5th - 7th, 2010 in Thailand
This paper
delivered by Staff of BKKBN on the 4th International Conference on Reproductive Health and
Social Science Research (ICRH-SSR) on August 5th - 7th, 2010 in Thailand
Shaping
the Regional SSC Architecture for Capacity Development in the Areas of Population and
Development:Indonesian View
This speech
delivered by Director of Center for International Training and Collaboration, Drs. Eddy
Hasmi, MSc on UNFPA Global Consultation: Promoting ICPD and Developing Capacity for the
Achievement of the MDGs through South-South Cooperation Bangkok, Thailand 26 -29 July 2010
This paper
delivered by DR. Rina Herartri (BKKBN Researcher) on International Conference on
Sustainable Community Development Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 20 - 22 Juli 2010
This speech
delivered by Chairperson of BKKBN, DR. Dr. Sugiri Syarief, MD, MPA on Ministers Forum at
Women Deliver Conference Washington DC. USA, 5 - 12 Juni 2010
This paper
delivered by Chairperson of BKKBN, DR. Dr. Sugiri Syarief, MD, MPA on session
"Maintaining the Momentum : Five Countries Share Experience Reducing Unmeet Need for
Family Planning" Women Deliver Conference Washington DC. USA, 5 - 12 Juni 2010
MILLENIUM
DEVELOPMENT GOAL FIVE ON MATERNAL HEALTH IN INDONESIA, 2007
This paper
delivered by Irma Ardiana (BKKBN staff) on Poster Session of Workshop Scaling Up High
Impact FP/MNCH Best Practices In The Asia And The Middle East 2010 Bangkok, Thailand, 6-12
March 2010.
Serving
the Task of Humanity (Soewardjono) -Chapter 2, 3-
In these two
chapter tells the journey Mr Suwardjono in developing family planning programs, with the
support of government and other countries. Also his idea to socializing small family norm
to early childhood
This
autobiography book tells the journey of Mr Soewardjono as former BKKBN's chairperson in
developing Family Planning Program in Indonesia. It tells not only the personal life of Mr
Soewardjono but also his opinions, advices, critics and efforts in promoting Family
Planning Program
Changing
Brass Into Gold (Haryono Suyono) -Chapter 3, 4, 5 and 6-
These chapter
tells how the mother became a very influential figure and a source of inspiration for him
to become someone who dedicated his life to serve the community
This
autobiography book poured the long journey of Professor Haryono Suyono in developing the
Family Planning Program in Indonesia. It tells not only the personal life of Professor
Haryono Suyono but also his efforts inventing new approach for promoting Family Planning
Program not only in Indonesia but also in the various international forums. In these first
two chapter, this book tell us the beginnings of Professor Haryono Suyono involve in
family planning programs and how he got a valuable lesson from his predecessors
The
Indonesian Council of Ulama's Fatwa on Population, Reproductive Health and Family Planning
This book is
taken from two books in Indonesian language, (1) Himpunan Fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia -
2003 (The Indonesian Council of Ulama's Fatwa - 2003) and (2) Keputusan Ijtima’ Ulama
Komisi Fatwa Se Indonesia III Tahun 2009 (the Ijtima’ Ulama’s Decision –
The Indonesian Fatwa Commission III Year 2009) published by the Indonesian Council of
Ulama (MUI). Several topics of fatwa related to Population, Reproductive Health and Family
Planning that included to be discussed in this book are anti menstruation pill; abortion;
gender bias; human rights; marriage in early age; marital procedure; population, health
& development; prevention of HIV/AIDS Infection
This report is
written by Aas Tejasmara,SS.,M.Ap.Pop.St as the result of the master coursework for the
Master Degree Program in the area of Applied Population Studies at Flinders University,
Adelaide. In this report she identified that the 2007 IDHS revealed that the TFR appeared
to have stagnated at the level of 2.6 children per woman since the 2002-2003 IDHS.
Therefore, by using secondary data from the 2002-2003 and the 2007 IDHS surveys, she
mentioned that this study attempted to address why the TFR did not decline by analysing
the determinants of fertility and examining whether a stalling fertility has occurred.
Provincial
Fertiliy Adjusted For Under-Recording of Women In The SDKI 2002-3 and 2007
This report
is written by Dr Wendy Hartanto and Professor Terence H. Hull as a follow up activities
constructed based on the result study of the Revitalization of Family Planning in
Indonesia for BKKBN and UNFPA in 2008, identifying that the under recording of women in
the household listings of Indonesia Demographic Health Survey (IDHS) 2002/3 and 2007
caused the inflated fertility estimates in the period between 2002/3 to 2007. In this
study, Dr Wendy Hartanto and Professor Terence H. Hull had calculated an adjusted estimate
for national total fertility rate of 2.4 for IDHS 2002/3 and 2.3 for IDHS 2007. The result
of the study also indicated that many of the interpretations of fertility change in the
last ten years need to be adjusted. It points to the need for greater investment in the
maintenance of a proper sampling frame for the IDHS and other sample surveys in Indonesia.
This report is
written by Sari Kistiana,SIP.,M.Ap.Pop.St as the result of the master coursework for the
Master Degree Program in the area of Applied Population Studies at Flinders University,
Adelaide. In this report she noted that women's exposure to media, women's age, birth
order and place of residence had a significant relationship with the utilization of
antenatal care and modern delivery care. The women's and husbnad's education showed a
strong relationship with maternal health care utilization, indicating higher use of
quality care for pregnancy and delivery by high educated women and by wives of high
educated men. She also mentioned that almost all social, economic and demographic
variables are significantly associated with all forms of maternal health care, namely the
use of antenatal care, place of delivery and assistance during delivery.
Factors
Influencing Fertility in East Nusa Tenggara Province, 2007
This report
is written by Uswatun Nisa, S.Sos, M.Ap.Pop.St as the result of her master coursework for
the Master Degree Program in the area of Applied Population Studies at Flinders
University, Adelaide. In this report she identified the contraceptive use as the main
direct factor determining fertility. She also identified that the use of contraceptives
methods were influenced most by age, educational attainment and ideal number of
chidren.Women aged betwen 34 -49 years had a 2.4 times higher probability to ever use any
contraception methods compared to those in age group 15-24 years old. While women with
highest educational attainment (junior or higher level)were almost five times as likely to
practice any contraception methods as those who never accomplished any level of
education.Meanwhile, women who deemed 2 or fewer children ideal were 2.24 more likely to
use any contracepton methods compared to those who said the ideal number of children was
up to God or gave some other none numeric answer.These results indicate several policy
implications in regard to the family planning services since it reveals that
contraceptives commonly were practiced by women at the oldest age group with high parity
and larger family size. Thus, the promotion and the improvement of family planning
services in this province should be constructed to meet the need of women in younger
age.Program to increase women's education also could increase the use of contraception as
it was identified as the factor with the highest influence to fertility through
contraceptive use.
The
effects of socio-economic and proximate determinants on mother's experience of infant loss
in Indonesia: Evidence from the 2007 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey
This report is
written by Dian Kristiani Irawaty , M.Ap.Pop.St as the result of her master coursework for
the Master Degree Program in the area of Applied Population Studies at Flinders
University, Adelaide. In this report she identified that breastfeeding was the main
predictor of mothers' experience of infant loss, while of all the socio-economic factors,
wealth index of the household has been found to be the most significant predictor of
mothers' experience of infant. Among all the proximate maternal factors, birth interval
has been found to have the most significant contribution to mother's experience of infant
loss. An unexpected result was found in that mother's age at first birth revealed a weak
association with mother's experience of infant loss. It was also found that sanitary
toilet facilities have a higher impact on mother's experience of infant loss compared to
source of drinking water and use of mosquito nets Based on these results, she then argued
that low infant loss in Indonesia can be achieved through interventions involving a
comprehensive approach among socio-economic, maternal, environmental and nutritional
factors. However, this would require a good cooperation between the Indonesian Government,
non-governmental organisations as well as the community itself. She noted too that several
interventions which are recommended by this study are already being implemented by the
Government; however, the success in reducing the level of infant loss in Indonesia lies in
the continuation of the current interventions and starting new ones with the full
availability of resources and commitment.
MILLENIUM
DEVELOPMENT GOAL FIVE ON MATERNAL HEALTH IN INDONESIA, 2007
This report
is written by dr. Irma Ardiana, M.Ap.Pop.St as the result of her master coursework for the
Master Degree Program in the area of Applied Population Studies at Flinders University,
Adelaide. In this report she mentioned that in a response to reduce high Maternal
Mortality Ratio (MMR) in Indonesia relative to the global and ASEAN region levels, the
Government of Indonesia has reaffirmed a declaration, namely the Millennium Development
Goal 5 (MDG 5), to improve the status of maternal health along with striving to achieve
other developmental goals. She then argued that a number of maternal indicators have been
developed and at national level, Indonesia has made a substantial progress in two out of
the eight indicators. They are achieving 90 % births attended by Skilled Birth Attendants
(SBAs) and meeting near universal coverage of Antenatal Care (ANC) program. However, she
stated too that if the current annual rate of change in maternal health measures is
disaggregated at urban and rural level, it appears that the progress has been different in
these places of residence from that achieved at the national level.
This country
report provides current situation of population and human resources development in
Indonesia. This report also discusses about the population and human resources development
programs in the future, including population dynamics, poverty eradication, basic
education, gender equality and women empowerment, improving the health of mother and
child, family planning and reproductive health, as well as environment conditions.
Revitalization
of Family Planning in Indonesia A Strategy for Empirically Based Implementation
This book
contains the consultancy of Gary L. Lewis and Harry Purnomo which provide objective inputs
on the revitalization of the family planning program in Indonesia. It is intended to guide
the process of change needed to re-strengthen the program. It also become the last part of
a series consultations aimed to develop implementation strategies developed based on the
first two consultancies done by Terence H. Hull, Henry Mosley, Muhadjir Darwin and
Sukamdi, to be used to stimulate the planning process for a revitalized program. The three
critical message come out of this exercise are 1) despite past successes there are still
serious population problems and issues with the reproductive health and family planning
program 2) there is a very large role to be played by the Governmnet in addressing these
critical issues and 3) changes in the vision, mission and organizations will be required
to meet the challenges faced by the program and by Indonesian couples seeking healthier
families.
This report is
written by Ria Rahayu,S.Si.MSR., as the result of her master coursework for the Master
Degree Program in the area of Social Research at Australian National University (ANU). In
this report she stated that for almost forty years fertility in Indonesia has declined
dramatically. The total fertility rate (TFR) declined from 5.6 children per woman between
1967 and 1970 to 2.6 children per woman in 2007 (Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey,
2007). She mentioned too that much of the decline is due to an increase in the
contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) from 18 percent in 1976 to 61 percent in 2007 (Hull
and Mosley, 2008; IDHS, 2007). Thus, she argued that this reflects the success of the
national family planning program in Indonesia that was implemented by the National Family
Planning Coordinating Board (BKKBN), the state agency that had the major responsibility
for family planning
Determinants
of Unintended Pregnancy among Ever-Married Women in Indonesia: An Analysis of the 2007
IDHS
This report
is written by Nurdjaeni,S.Si.MSR., as the result of his master coursework for the Master
Degree Program in the area of Social Research at Australian National University (ANU). In
this report he stated that despite growths in contraceptive prevalence rate and declines
in total fertility rate, many women in Indonesia still experience unintended pregnancies.
Thus, he argued that it is essential to identify the determinants of unintended pregnancy
to facilitate policy makers and programme managers to design programmes and services
especially for women who have the highest likelihood of having unintended pregnancy. In
this study, he analysed factors that influenced ever married women in Indonesia to
classify their pregnancy as mistimed or unwanted by using bivariate tables and
multivariate logistic regression to investigate the relationship between women's pregnancy
intention status and a number of socio-demographic variables (maternal age, previous birth
intervals, number of previous births/parity, level of education, place and region of
residence, ever used of contraception, husband's desire for family size, and economic
status).
The IYARHS
2007 is expected to provide data and information on knowledge, attitudes, and practices of
adolescents on human reproductive aspects including sexual activities, HIV and AIDS, as
well as other sexually transmitted diseases. The survey will be of great importance for
program managers and decision makers.
This report
summarizes the findings of the 2007 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) carried
out by Statistics Indonesia (Badan Pusat Statistik-BPS). The IDHS is part of the worldwide
Demographic and Health Surveys program, which is designed to collect data on fertility,
family planning, and maternal and child health.
Country
Report for The Commission on Population and Development. The Implementation of
International Conference on Population and Development Programme of Action in Achieving
Millennium Development Goals
This report
shows the current situation of population and human resources development in Indonesia.
Moreover, this report also discusses about the population and human resources development
programs in the future that include poverty alleviation, basic education, improving the
mother and child health, family planning and reproductive health, gender equality and
women empowerment
Revitalization
Family Planning Program in Indonesia. The Government of Indonesia and United Nations
Population Fund
This
publication aims at providing inputs on population and family planning policy and
programme guidance including institutional reforms to the Mid-term Development Plan of the
Government of Indonesia 2010-2014. This report is the outcome of the consultancy done by
Prof Professor Terence H. Hull of Australian National University, and Professor Henry
Mosley of John Hopkins University, USA.
The manual
“Happy, Prosperous and Responsible Family in Christian Perspective” is an
important elucidation material for the church community in Indonesia. Through this book we
try to formulate the understanding about human, matrimony, family and building a
prosperous family, as to help the church community in Indonesia to manifest themselves as
responsible families. The Indonesia Christian family is an integral part of the existing
families in the Indonesian compound community. The role and commitment of the Christian
family in building prosperous families is an inseparable part of the Christian
contribution in strengthening future Indonesia.
Building
Harmonious, Prosperous, And Quality Family In Confusius Perspective
In Kong Hu
Chu, family plays central role, not only in economic sector, but also in moral and
spiritual values. In family, somebody gets the first and the main education in the effort
to develop the seeds of good deeds which has been stated by Tian in Himself.This book is
expected to be able to help Indonesian nation to re-understand the essential values of
family’s establishment in the Holy Way (Dao) of the only one God. With understanding
the essential values of family’s establishment, they are wished to be able to support
Indonesian nation to undoubtedly follow Family Planning Program.
This manual
book is published with the purpose to ease the socialization of prosperous family
(sukhinah) in accordance with Hindu, especially in the cases of mother – child’s
health, adolescent’s reproductive health, family planning, and the prevention of
Narcotics abuse, sexual transmitted infection (STI) and HIV/AIDS.
Building
Prosperous and Responsible Family: Catholic Perspective
The book
“Building Prosperous and Responsible Family According to Catholic Perspective”
is published in regards to follow up the cooperation between the Family Commission of the
Indonesia Bishop Conference (KWI) and the NFPCB. The idea of arranging this book comes
from the aspiration to help in gaining the participation of the Catholic people in the
prosperous family development program. This book is expected to be a learning material and
a reference for the Catholic families to create and build prosperous family in a
responsible manner.
This IEC
material contains the Buddhist teachings related to the concept of prosperous and happy
family. According to the Buddhist teachings, Buddhists try to develop and to bequeath
better life’s quality to their next generation. Therefore, it is necessary to develop
some efforts to improve their quality started from their family’s quality. Here is
where the role and the contribution of Buddha Religious Leaders taking place in developing
the quality of Buddhist and the nation.
During the
62nd Session of the United Nations General Assembly in New York, the President of the
Republic of Indonesia, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, together with the Prime Minister of
Norway, Jens Stoltenberg and a number of other leaders launched this global call to
address MDG4 and 5. Through a group of Sherpa network of Leaders, discussions were made to
bring greater application to ensure the 2015 targets for MDG 4 and 5 be attainable. This
book is a brief country paper of Indonesia on attaining MDG 4 and 5. Its content, although
reflective of Indonesia's situation dares to provide a solution that may be applicable not
only to the majority of developing countries, but also specific to the needs of Small
Island Developing States (SIDS).
The 2007 IDHS
is designed to provide information on population, family planning, and health. A
scientifically selected sample of ever-married women age 15 to 49 years and currently
married men age 15-54 were interviewed. Women were asked questions about their background,
the children they had given birth to, their knowledge and use of family planning methods,
the health of their children, reproductive health, and other information that will be
helpful to policymakers and administrators in the health and family planning fields. The
questionnaire for men was shorter than that for women, as it excluded detailed questions
on individual children and children's health. However, men were asked about their
knowledge, attitude and practice regarding health care for their wife and children. This
report presents a first look at selected findings of the 2007 IDHS. A comprehensive
analysis of the data will be published later. While considered provisional, the results
presented here are not expected to differ significantly from those to be presented in the
final report.
Contraceptive
Security in Indonesia: What do the Data Say?
Contraceptive
prevalence in Indonesia may rise or fall, or may continue at the present level. What does
that mean in terms of numbers - demographic and programmatic? Projections follow that
encompass more detail than those in the text, which concern only users. These are from a
full population projection including the age-sex distribution and fertility and mortality
assumptions. This also embraces a set of program characteristics for prevalence, method
mix, and failures, with outcomes for demographic results and commodities needed. The
purpose is to show the implications of three assumptions concerning the future path of
contraceptive prevalence. (1) Assume it remains flat at the value of 57.4% (taken from the
1997 IDHS; the Susenas data indicate no change since then; also the 57.4 includes a small
share of traditional methods). (2) Assume prevalence rises at one-half point a year, so
over the 15 years to 2015 it reaches 64.9%. (3) Assume instead that due to various
difficulties prevalence instead falls at one-half point a year, so over the 15 years to
2015 it declines to 49.9%.
This analysis
uses the Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (BPS 2003/IDHS). Starting at the
traditional, non-contracepting, TFR level of about 6 in the 1960s, the TFR decline has
been essentially unbroken. It fell again in the latest IDHS, carried out in 2002-2003.
However the slope has been softer since about 1991, at only .043 points fall per year. The
current TFR of 2.6 is well above replacement. The recent decline is in a positive
direction, but is small.
Understanding
the Constraints and Supports to the Family Planning Practices of the Poor
It is widely
believed that the poor have more limited access to family planning than their non-poor
counterparts. The Government of Indonesia (GOI) has implemented many programs to try to
address this perceived disadvantage. In fact, during the financial, social and political
crisis starting in the late 1990's, the poor should have been hardest hit, but there was
no decline in contraceptive prevalence. The poor shifted to injectable and away from the
pills (Susenas) - despite the fact that injectables have greater recurrence and
opportunity costs than the pill. The current study is designed to provide a better
understanding of how the poor cope with their difficulties in accessing and using family
planning methods.
This paper
aims to review the situation in which the National Family Planning Program finds itself at
present and suggest directions for its future development. Specifically it is to: (1)
review past achievements and lessons learned in FP in Indonesia; (2) argue the vital
importance of continued and enhanced efforts in FP if the country is to attain its
development goals; (3) suggest that the development of Indonesia's population could be
helped by the Government establishing tighter policy linkages between FP and population
development; (4) support the view that Indonesia's development goals could also be served
by reintroducing a Ministry of Population (or at least a strong badan focusing on
population development issues); and (5)discuss the changing role of BKKBN in these
developments.
Increasing
Patient Participation in Reproductive Health Consultations: An Evaluation of "Smart
Patient" Coaching in Indonesia
This paper
presents the result of evaluation of Smart Patient Coaching. This study tested whether the
individual coaching can give family planning patients the confidence and communication
skills to talk more openly and more vigorously with providers. The analysis found that
patients who received coaching articulated significantly more questions and concern than
others.
To improve the
quality and use of RH and FP services in Indonesia, STARH assisting the BKKBN, the MOH,
and its partners on the communication-support components to act as a catalyst for social
change. STARH has developed a communication plan called "the Smart Initiatives"
(Smart Client, Smart Provider, and Smart Community). The objectives of the Smart
Initiative are: 1) to improve the quality of interaction between reproductive health
providers and clients including clinical/technical performances, technical information
exchange, and decision making process; 2) to increase community participation in improving
access to and delivery of quality reproductive health services. The national
"Smart" campaign will be launched in April 2002. Formative research was
conducted in order to understand how clients, community and providers view quality. This
information would be used to help design messages and to action while establishing
benchmarks for client and provider perceptions of quality.
Self-Assessment
and Peer Review: Improving Indonesian Service Providers' Communication with Clients
Training
alone may not be sufficient to prompt complex and lasting changes in the performance of
family planning providers. Affordable and effective reinforcement mechanisms are needed to
ensure that providers apply new skills on the job. In December 1997 and January 1998, 201
providers working at 170 clinics in Indonesia attended a training course on
client-centered counseling. They were divided into three subgroups for follow-up. One
group (controls) received no reinforcement, one conducted weekly self assessments and the
third attended peer-review meetings in addition to conducting self assessments. Data were
collected before training, immediately afterward and after four months of reinforcement to
measure changes in provider and client behavior. The result of study shows that
self-assessment and peer review help maintain providers' performance after training and
prompt continuous quality improvement.
The purpose of
this paper is to provide background information for the USAID "Tiahrt Team" and
other interested persons. The purpose of the Team Visit is to determine whether all the
family planning and family planning- related activities in Indonesia which are supported,
partly or in full, directly or indirectly, with US population-assistance funding comply
with the requirements of the Tiahrt Amendment of the Foreign Appropriations Act. This
paper does not attempt to make that determination; instead it provides some background
information and takes a broad look at the national family planning program as a whole from
the perspective of the Tiahrt requirements.
Participation
by clients and nurse midwives in family planning decision making in Indonesia
This paper
provides the result of study on participation by clients and nurse midwives in family
planning decision making in Indonesia. The results show that family planning clients make
a significant contribution to the quality of decision making process, most notably by
identifying the problem requiring a decision, expressing their feeling about using a
method and asking question. Client involvement may compensate for provider weakness, which
tend to be in areas calling for interpersonal rather than technical skills.
This paper
presents findings from a set of studies conducted in early 2003. Using a combination of 20
focus groups and interviews with 1680 community members in 10 communities representing
major ethnic groups in Java and Sumatra, these studies explored perceptions of community
leadership and community participation in health improvement. Community members see health
improvement as an obvious arena for the exercise of leadership and are more likely to
participate in community-wide health improvement activities, if activities are championed
by leaders with characteristics defined locally as desirable.
Public-Private
Partnership to Increase Contraceptive Choice with Socialization and Training of Health
Professional in the Use of Emergency Contraception Pills
Emergency
Contraception Pills (ECP) can reduce the risk of pregnancy after unprotected intercourse.
ECP may be provided in two ways: using increased doses of certain oral contraceptive
pills, and there are branded hormonal pills packed and formulated specifically as ECP.
According to the 2002/03 IDHS, 17% of births are the result of unintended pregnancies,
either because they are mistimed (9.5%) or because they are unwanted (7.3%). Given that
the number of children born in Indonesia each year is estimated at 3.3 million, this means
that there are roughly 550,000 pregnancies each year that are either not wanted at the
time they are conceived (310,000) or not wanted at all (240,000). By giving couples access
to good quality family planning services, information and method choices to match their
specific reproductive issues, as many as one half unintended pregnancies could be
prevented each year.
Improved
quality and enhanced choice can be achieved in partnership with BKKBN, DEPKES, districts,
civil society groups (NGOs, women's and community-based organizations) and the private
sector (both non-profit and for profit). Raising quality and promoting informed choice is
likely to be achieved in a sustainable manner through greater participation of the private
sector. Clients who pay for their services are more likely to make decisions based on
informed choice about methods and service providers and are more likely to demand higher
quality services. Moreover, the greater number of clients purchasing their contraceptives
from the private sector, the reduced burden of provision on the Government of Indonesia
There is
increasing concern about the quality of health care in Indonesia. Since the Contraceptive
Prevalence Rate is relatively high, organizations involved in the provision of family
planning services are now focusing efforts on improving service quality. In their search
for efficient strategies for achieving quality, the Indonesian Ministry of Health (DEPKES)
and National Family Planning Coordinating Board (BKKBN) have expressed interest in
developing and implementing primary health care accreditation models. The purpose of this
issues paper is to outline key characteristics and options for accreditation models that
can serve as a basis for further discussion between the STARH Program and its
counterparts. It lays out the benefits and challenges other countries have experienced in
quality accreditation and explores the opportunities and challenges for such an effort in
the Indonesian context.
This report
presents a new view on the issue of contraceptive use among the Indonesian poor. A
significant gap exists in modern contraceptive prevalence between the extremely poor, the
moderately poor and the better off (43%, 53% and 59%, respectively), access and cost do
not seem to be the major reason for this gap. Contrary to widespread assumptions, the
results suggest that attitudinal barriers such as desire for more children, opposition to
family planning or concerns about health effects of contraceptive methods are equal or
more powerful deterrents to contraceptive adoption.
Adolescent
and Youth Reproductive Health In Indonesia: Status, Issues, Policies, and Programs
This paper is
to highlight the reproductive health status of adolescents in Indonesia within the context
of the lives of adolescent boys and girls. The report begins with social context and
gender socialization that set girls and boys on separate lifetime paths in terms of life
expectations, educational attainment, job prospects, labor force participation,
reproduction, and duties in the household. The report also outlines laws and policies that
pertain to ARH and discusses information and service delivery programs that provide
reproductive health information and services to adolescents. The report identifies
operational barriers to ARH and ends with recommendations for action to improve ARH in
Indonesia.
Islam has a
comprehensive and detailed teaching on the family issue. There are a number of verses of
the Al-Qur’an and hundreds of Hadist (stories on the Prophet’s deeds/words) that
give very clear guidance regarding family issues, from the forming of a family, the rights
and obligations of every element of the family, to the inheritance and guardianship
issues. Indeed Islam puts a big attention on the family organization. This is shown by the
one-fourth of the law of Islam (fiqh) known as rub’u al-munakahat (one-fourth of the
marriage law) discusses about family.
This report
provides brief information on the population changes and its implication for the
Indonesian government as well as international communities. Furthermore, this report
provides information of government and NGOs’ efforts in responding the fast progress
of demographic transition in Indonesia. We emphasize this report on how the importance of
family planning programmes to be continued in responding further demographic transition.
In its 36
anniversary the national Family Planning/ Reproductive Health Program has proved that it
is indeed a dynamic and change-oriented program. In approximately one generation it has
changed the Indonesian demographic panorama, with a significant reduction of fertility
rates from couples having an average of 5.6 children in 1970 to 2.6 in the year 2002-
2003. It has also contributed markedly to the reduction of Maternal Mortality Ratio from
624 per 10,000 live births thirty years ago to 307 today. Significant contribution was
also made to reducing Infant Mortality Rate from 124 per 1000 live births to what is now
estimated at 35.
INDONESIA
COUNTRY REPORT 2004 : NATIONAL PROGRESS IN IMPLEMENTING THE ICPD PROGRAMME OF ACTION 1994
- 2004
This Report
describes the ICPD Programme of Action implementation in Indonesia during the last ten
years. Many progresses have been made, even-though there have also been shortfalls and
gaps. Based on current trends; many provinces might fall short of the agreed goals of the
Programme of Action.
This report also take account the impact of economic crisis and decentralization on the
programme development particularly population programme. The economic crisis had greatly
influenced availability of funding for development. Meanwhile, many potential population
benefits associated with decentralization which took place since January 2001.
Decentralization is notably enabling citizens to become involved systematically in
decisions regarding population policy goals, design, and financing, and in monitoring and
influencing service provision and performance of other functions. Decentralization also
offers an unusual opportunity to rethink population sector or institutions and operating
mechanisms which are no longer adequate. [See
Full Version]
This Report
has been demonstrating a substantial progress on the ending of rapid population growth,
and fertility closed to replacement level. Most of couples are closer to achieving their
desired family size and spacing of children. Mortality is declining in most provinces; and
there is evidence that many provinces are taking the necessary steps to confront HIV/AIDS
and other health crises; and the Indonesian Government is initiating processes to address
concerns related to international migration.
35
Years Commitment to Family Planning in Indonesia, BKKBN and USAID’s Historic
Partnership
This Report
seeks to summarize the exceptional partnership between the US Government and BKKBN and
identify the strategies and approaches that underpinned this family planning success
story. We hope that this analysis will inform the international community about the
Indonesian experience and assist other countries in developing their own sustainable and
high quality family planning program. [See
Full Version]
This Report
has been demonstrating a substantial progress on the ending of rapid population growth,
and fertility closed to replacement level. Most of couples are closer to achieving their
desired family size and spacing of children. Mortality is declining in most provinces; and
there is evidence that many provinces are taking the necessary steps to confront HIV/AIDS
and other health crises; and the Indonesian Government is initiating processes to address
concerns related to international migration.
INDONESIA
COUNTRY REPORT 2003 : POPULATION AND EDUCATION
Education is
an integral part of the rapid social and cultural changes taking place in Indonesia. In
the field of population, education has contributed to population change in Indonesia in
the last two decades. Fertility and mortality have been declining substantially and it
closely related with education status of population. On the other hand, the rapid change
of population dynamic represents a challenge and also opportunity for education.
Until 1997,
the Indonesia Demographic and Health Surveys (IDHS) had been conducted every three years.
The current survey is conducted more than four years after the last one. In the course of
the global rapid development progress, there have been tremendous changes in the
country’s political and socio-economic situation, which have led to changes in the
strategic environment of the Indonesian Family Planning Program. BKKBN has adopted a new
Family Planning Movement (FPM) paradigm, which has moved from concentrating on demographic
objectives to a people- and family-centered approach. This approach emphasizes the
importance of human and family development, and strives to change reproductive health and
family planning attitudes. The new paradigm also strives to provide high quality
information and services, and to improve family welfare and prosperity. The new paradigm
is presented in the new vision ”The Quality Family by 2015”. and for economic
development.
INDONESIA
YOUNG ADULT REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH SURVEY 2002-2003
This report
summarizes the findings of the 2002-2003 Indonesia Young Adult Reproductive Health Survey
(IYARHS) carried out by Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS-Statistics Indonesia). The IYARHS is a
subsample of the 2002-2003 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS). The IDHS is
part of the worldwide Demographic and Health Surveys program, which is designed to collect
data on fertility, family planning, and maternal and child health.
While
Indonesia has been able to reduce fertility and improve the overall quality of life of the
population, poverty still persists in many areas. It has even increased in some areas,
particularly since the 1997-1998 Asian financial crisis. However, even in areas where
fertility has declined there are still areas and population subgroups which are in general
poorer and for which access to health services, including reproductive health/family
planning services, remains inadequate. There has been a serious rethinking of the
population-development links in Indonesia.
